The Harlem Renaissance And The Great Depression - 1711 Words

Harlem Renaissance Between 1902 and the Great Depression African Americans began relocating towards the urban North in the Great Migration hoping to escape white supremacy. They gathered mainly in Harlem, New York and except for wallowing in self pity they took advantage of the great majority of their race and decided to take a step out in entertainment (Us History). The Harlem Renaissance was a time of cutting down prejudice and showing the Whites that they have pride in their heritage. Major contributors of this time were Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, WEB DuBois, Neale Hurston, Louis Armstrong, and Billie Holiday; all of them ranging from writers and actors to musicians in Jazz and Blues. Self determination, group expression, and showing Black pride was what their aim was and decided to show people in paintings, group dances, and writings (Mifflin Harcourt). The Harlem Renaissance was not confined to the United States alone and actually was a large movement in Europe, and the Caribbean. Writers and Poets were determined to show their readers the background they came from, no matter how rough it was, and wanted to show them that their pride was not broken. Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, and WEB DuBois were three major writers during the time, and contributed to the main them of Racial Pride that conveyed to the rest of their people and gave hope towards a new age where prejudice would be no more; a time where the background you came from didn’t determine who youShow MoreRelatedThe Harlem Renaissance850 Words   |  4 Pages Giselle Villanueva History IB Mr. Flores February 7, 2016 Period 4 Word Count: 693 Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance was the first period in the history of the United States in which a group of black poets, authors, and essayist seized the opportunity to express themselves. The Great Migration was the movement of six million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North during 1916 to 1970. Driven from their homes by unsatisfactory economic opportunities and harsh segregationistRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance with Langston Hughes1676 Words   |  7 PagesHarlem Renaissance with Langston Hughes The Harlem Renaissance brought about uniqueness amongst African Americans; everything was new. The visual art, the jazz music, fashion and literature took a cultural spin. During this time writer Langston Hughes seemed to outshine the rest with amazing works. The Harlem Renaissance brought about many great changes. It was a time for expressing the African American culture. It is variously known as the Harlem Renaissance, the Black Literary RenaissanceRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance Brought A Great Amount Of Value1184 Words   |  5 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance brought a great amount of value to the African American group. The visual art, the jazz music, fashion and literature changed. During this time writer Langston Hughes shined out with amazing works. The harlem reneisance made It was a time for expressing the African American culture. It has many names other than Harlem Renaissance, such as, the Black Literary Renaissance, or the New Negro Movement. Many famous people began their writing or gained their recognition during thisRead MoreEssay on The Harlem Renaissance1187 Words   |  5 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance refers to a prolific period of unique works of African-American expression from about the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression. Although it is most commonly associated with the literary works produced during those years, the Harlem Renaissance was much more than a literary movement; similarly, it was not simply a reaction against and criticism of racism. The Harlem Renaissance inspired, cultivated, and, most importantly, legitimatedRead More Langston Hughes And The Harlem Essay1201 Words   |  5 Pages The Harlem Renaissance brought about many great changes. It was a time for expressing the African-American culture. Many famous people began their writing or gained their recognition during this time. The Harlem Renaissance took place during the 1920’s and 1930’s. Many things came about during the Harlem Renaissance; things such as jazz and blues, poetry, dance, and musical theater. The African-American way of life became the â€Å"thing.† Many white people came to discover this newest art, dancingRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance By Langston Hughes1033 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1920, there was a new movement beginning called the Harlem Renaissance. After World War I, many blacks migrated from the south to up to the north to places like Chicago, Detroit and New York. The people in Harlem felt the racial pride and this caught the attention of many musicians, writers, and artist. The Harlem Renaissance period lasted from 1920 to around 1935. Even though this period was short, it still lives on though all African American artists today. According to Biography.com in theRead MoreEssay about The Harlem Renaissance1582 Words   |  7 Pages1930’s, the Harlem Renaissance was an important movement for African-Americans all across America. This movement allowed the black culture to be heard and accepted by white citizens. The movement was expressed through art, music, and literature. These things were also the most known, and remembered things of the renaissance. Also this movement, because of some very strong, moving and inspiring people changed political views for African-Americans. Compared to before, The Harlem Renaissance had majorRead MoreThe New Negro Movement, By Zora Neale Hurston1720 Words   |  7 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance was a time of cultural endeavors of intellectual and artistic African American leaders during the 1920s. It was a manifestation of embracing poetry, literature, music, art, film, fashion and all things synonymous with creativity. It begun during the end of World War 1, in a relati vely small section in New York City and ended during the aftermath of The Great Depression. This was by far one of the most influential movements in African American culture. African Americans tookRead More The Harlem Renaissance Essay1145 Words   |  5 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance In Harlem between the 1920’s and 1930’s the African American culture flourished, especially in areas such as music, art, literature, dance, and even in film. This soon became known as the Harlem Renaissance. With the entire positive and the negative situations of this time period the African Americans still seemed to have it all. The Harlem Renaissance came about because of the changes that had taken place in the African American community after the abolition of slaveryRead MoreRichard Wright And The Harlem Renaissance752 Words   |  4 Pages The first source is about the Harlem Renaissance that took place in 1920’s. The Harlem Renaissance represented the rebirth of African American culture and showed the unaddressed problems among the black community. During that time, Richard Wright made a name for himself, writing books based on the racism that the black community faced and communism like Black Boy and Native Son. The Harlem Renaissance was a direct influence on Wrights work because he wrote about what was going on at that time.

The Problem Of Higher Educated Workers Essay - 1925 Words

As new generations of individuals become enveloped into our modernized culture, it becomes clear how advanced we have become. From new innovations in our transportation methods to our advanced creation of breakthrough hospital treatments and emergency care systems, the progression of our race continues with no signs of ending. New ideas for advanced medical treatments and scientific machinery are constantly being theorized and integrated into our world at an alarmingly fast pace. The need for greater quantities of higher educated workers must be produced to meet the demands of the growth of various industries today, and what better way to produce these numbers than to utilize our higher education universities that are offered around the nation. While our government has the means to produce students effectively per year, the problem that arises is the large and devastating costs of attending these universities. This factor draws several middle class and low-income families away from s ending their children to school. Various solutions to the pricing issue have been hypothesized but none have seen implementation as many school administrators and politicians do not agree on a stable way to provide education to a larger body of students without removing the student tuition that funds the universities’ staff and renovations of facilities and classrooms. The most controversial of these solutions is the idea of providing free education to all incoming and current students. ThisShow MoreRelatedCauses Of The Black Death785 Words   |  4 PagesThere were many problems during the Black death. Most of the problems revolved on the lack of the medical treatments, health, sanitation, the structure of the society and the political unrest. With all the problems that were happening, it really helped the Renaissance rise higher and have a better understanding of the things that was already correct and making things more clear. The information that was gathered (exercise 3 .16) showed that the Black death contributed to the rise of Renaissance. Read MoreHigher Education in the 21st Century Essays1090 Words   |  5 PagesChomnapas C. (Amp) Outline some of the main issues facing higher education in the 21st century. To what extent is higher education an effective means of both obtaining employment and learning the basic prerequisite skills for global workplace? Since educational level has been essential in global society, there is an increase of higher education’s demands in labour markets. These are affecting both new graduates and existing workers who are looking for jobs. In addition, various companies todayRead MoreUnemployment : The Hardest Work784 Words   |  4 Pagesstudies the behavior and the performance of the economy as a whole. Two of the main topics analyzed in macroeconomics are the long run economic growth and short run fluctuations in output and employment associated with business cycle. One of the problems evidenced over the course of business cycles is unemployment. This paper discusses how unemployment is measured, what are the different types of unemployment, and the cost of unemployment for a society. One of economists’ roles is to collect andRead MoreThe Effects of Wealth Inequality in the U.S.1484 Words   |  6 PagesAnthony Giovenco Political Science Inequality Paper 12-18-14 The Effects of Wealth Inequality in the United States Wealth inequality in the United States has grown tremendously since 1970. The United States continuously reveals higher rates of inequality as a result of perpetual support for free market capitalism. The high rates of wealth inequality cause the growing financial crisis to persist, lower socio-economic mobility, increase national poverty, and have adverse effects on health andRead MoreThe Problem Of Over Education1512 Words   |  7 Pagesdegree. This report will be illustrating on the current situation of labour market in the UK. Mostly, the problems that government, students and organisations are facing. It will also discuss what other sectors this problem is affecting and how? At the end, we debate about how these factors can be resolved with the help of government. 2. INTRODUCTION: Over-education is when a candidate has higher qualifications than required for a particular job. This was first identified by Richard Freeman in hisRead MoreThe Retirement Of Elderly Today983 Words   |  4 Pagesthe elderly age is before and today the same, today is a way healthier cause of development of medical. It means that elderly may work few more years after they retire and they should work longer because their drug bill is increasing. In fact, many workers are discovering that they are going to have to work longer than they originally anticipated - an adjustment that can seem unbearable to some. According to the article 6 Late-Stage Retirement Catch-Up Tactics, there are several benefits that comeRead MoreDenmark : A Economic And Social Factors Of The Country1205 Words   |  5 Pageswill cost us more money, but if we were to go to a different country with lower taxes we would be able to higher value with lower taxation (Zero hedge). By focusing on the statistical success of the policy the thousands of people who are effectively rejected by Danish society and struggle to get by on substantially lower benefits are overshadowed. Until prevailing social morals and public problems throughout the new welfare state things will continue to be the same or worse. If nothing changes, thereRead MoreEssay on Professional Development in Nursing Professionals849 Words   |  4 Pagescare is â€Å"what† and â€Å"how† of delivering care and professional responsibility and these are interconnected. Because of the quick changes in the health care system today the complexity of medical conditions of the clients, nurses needs to be highly educated to adapt the changes and achieve professional goals. In 2010, Institute of Medicine (IOM) and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWF) did a research and made recommendations on â€Å"The future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health†. The report stressRead MoreWh y Is It Important?1040 Words   |  5 Pagesupgrades, no one really does. Shouldn’t each and every person be educated? Isn’t being an educated person so important that it can’t be lost? And won’t an entire country of educated people only improve it? Of course education is important, but people aren’t all going to learn the same way, or even the same things.The truth of the matter is that not every single person is going to be making six figures, and society needs all kinds of workers to properly function. The technicians, the electricians, theRead MoreThe Value Of Higher Education996 Words   |  4 PagesThe value of higher education is a heated argument among professionals, students and writers. Primary issues in the debate vary and include opportunity for employment, how the education system must improve, and the value of a college degree. Writers Emily Hanford, Mike Rose, and Thomas Tierney all take the approach that college is necessary for a satisfying lifestyle. They argue that higher education provides valuable life skills. Gary Jason, Karen Lawrence, and The Economist, on the other hand,

Koolin Balit strategy Life Improvement Among the Aboriginals

Question: Discuss about the Koolin Balit strategy Focus on the Population Group of Health Transition to Adulthood. . Answer: Koolin Balit Strategy is a strategy initiated by the Victorian Government which is committed to the health system for the achievement of the longevity and quality of life improvement among the Aboriginals by the year 2022 (Jatkar, Anjou Taylor, 2017). It is in Boonwurrung language that gives a clear idea for the achievement of measurable and significant outcomes among the Aboriginals. Among all the key priority areas, the strategy also focus on the population group of health transition to adulthood where the services provided to the vulnerable populations as in children and adolescents often end abruptly during their transition to adulthood as one of the key priority area number three (Napper et al., 2015). The action plan for the working in the key priority area aims at reducing the smoking rate among the Aboriginal adults by the year 2022. In the year 2015, it has reduced the smoking rate among the Aboriginal adults and is aimed at further reducing the smoking rates. The strategys headline indicator is the reduction of uptake of smoking in the Aboriginal adolescents. The action plan is to implement the social marketing resources that targets the adolescents and focuses on the de-normalization of smoking. It is also aimed at reducing the rate of sexually transmitted diseases among the young Aboriginals. It action plan also encompasses the reduction of young Aboriginals to the emergency departments and accessibility to mental health services. The improvement of the access to mental healthcare services for the Aboriginal young people is also achieved by the year 2015 where they have developed an integrated physical and mental health liaison and the consultation model that improve the acc ess to the mental health services. They also implemented culturally sensitive services to service provision that explore opportunities for early identification, local prevention and interventions (Davy Lockwood, 2014). The action plan also comprises of the continual support from the Quits Kickstart camp for the young Aboriginal males while working in partnership with the Victorian Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organization (VACCHO). VACCHO is the key body that works for the health and well-being of the Victorian Aboriginal people. The collaboration with this body would help to achieve the aim of the key priority area that is wellbeing of the Aboriginal young people (Abouzeid, Anjou Taylor, 2015). The strategy will also link their action plans with the relevant Commonwealth funded programs that would extend their help for the achievement of the Koolin Balit Strategy. The strategic plan also highlights the importance of education that is linked to better social conditions with low rates of crime and imprisonment. Education significantly increases the life and health expectancy with positive outcomes. Victorian Aboriginal suicide prevention and response action plan 201015 and the Aboriginal Youth Suicide Prevention and Community Support Project is also implemented and evaluated to prevent suicide. It also implemented physical and mental health learning for the prevention and promotion of the interventions. There are also strategic plans for the reduction of sexually transmitted diseases among the Aboriginal youth. For this, they have improved the notification data received from the Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organizations (ACCHOs) and in the conduction of tests for the screening and delivery of treatment (Chamberlain et al., 2016). It is considered as the key priority area in the strategy as it lays the foundation for the positive Aboriginal health. The transition to adulthood is a stage where smoking habits, alcohol consumption, use of illicit drugs and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. They are at high risk for these conditions that would contribute to the burden of disease. The addiction to alcohol and substance abuse is the major cause of illness and diseases, crime, injury, accidents, workplace problems and family disruptions. Victorian parents are concerned about their children and this stage acts as the crucial point in the life of the children when they are transiting to adulthood. For the reduction of illicit drugs, the Victorian government works in collaboration with the Telkaya network to provide support to the young Aboriginals in continuing their schooling and extend support and funding in the drug and alcohol rehabilitation services for the Aboriginals (Genat et al., 2017). To work in t his priority area, Victorian government is supporting the ACCHOs capacity for the development of effective screening, testing and for the treatment of the young Aboriginal youths. It will also plan to achieve their aims by linking with the Commonwealth funded programs that are relevant to the strategic aims and objectives. The key priorities and strategic plans are developed by taking the social determinants of health into consideration. The social, economic and cultural factors of the society contribute to the smoking, drinking and substance abuse. The poor attainment of education, unemployment and economic disadvantaged youths are highly vulnerable to addictions and substance abuse. The Aboriginal families live in remote communities and face lack of access to healthcare services and resources. Aboriginals are the most disadvantaged groups and they experience the highest level of social disadvantage in Australia. It increases the risk of the drinking, smoking and substance abuse among the Aboriginal youths as their families experience social disadvantage. The high prevalence of smoking among the disadvantaged families and communities reinforces the children to accept these addictions as normal behavior and a part of their culture and become vulnerable to these addictions (Lindquist et al., 2015). Low socioeconomic status is linked to the inequalities of health and the addictions among the Aboriginal youths. They have poor levels of education resulting in unemployment and low levels of income. The unequal distribution of economic resources, power and prestige with low occupational status as a result of social stratification expose the youths towards addiction. Due to low levels of income, they stay in poor housing increase the risk for addiction to a greater extent. According to the data collected from the National Drug Strategy Housing Survey (NDSHS) and Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) showed that the smokers with low levels of education and low incomes are more likely to get prone to addiction for longer periods of time. Education during early childhood is the critical time in ones life and lays the foundation for their future where they learn the basic skills and education for the employment opportunities and income. Therefore, child development affects th e risk for tobacco use, drinking and substance abuse (Myers et al., 2014). This shows that the education attainment is a well-established social determinant of substance abuse and alcohol use. Low levels of education among the children and adolescents are linked to poor health outcomes, health behavior and the sense of empowerment and control that influences their future life chances that is income and occupation. Family and peer influences the adolescents addiction behavior. The young Aboriginal people are more likely to take up smoking behavior of their parents belonging to the age group of 12-15 years. Similarly, adolescent stage is also a critical period as the peer behavior influences their health behavior. They are at the transition stage towards the adulthood where they leave their parents an prepare themselves for the higher education and provide adult status. Low socio-economic status and chronic stress developed can create negative impacts on their childrens mental health and development. Adolescents raised in low-economic conditions with poor hou sing and less pay experience less care and supervision that can be conducive to drug and alcohol abuse (McKenna et al., 2015). The key priorities of the Koolin Balit Strategy encompass these social determinants of health that influences and make the adolescents vulnerable to addiction and mental illness. Addiction among the adolescents result in a breakdown in the family and peer structure that have a significant effect on the spiritual and emotional wee-being of them. The priority area targets the youth justice system and child protection programs that strongly recognize the cultural identity and its connection that promotes resilience and social and emotional well-being among the young Aboriginal people (Hopkins, Zubrick Taylor, 2014). Victorian hospitals report an increased rate of emergency cases presenting suicides and self-harm among the Aboriginals when compared to non-Aboriginal youth people. Keeping this in mind, the key priority three of the Koolin Balit strategy of healthy transition to adulthood, the action plan is aimed at reducing the high-risked behaviors among the young Aboriginal people lik e smoking, drug abuse or excessive alcohol consumption focusing on the education and increase of access to mental health services earlier for the young Aboriginals (Hallinan Judd, 2016). The aims of this key priority target and prioritize the education among the young Aboriginals that is linked to the social benefits like better nutrition, better living conditions, low levels of imprisonment and healthier life. This key priority also targets education in a way that significantly increases the life expectancy and health among the young Aboriginals that would help to achieve the key goals by 2022 (Chalmers et al., 2014). References Abouzeid, M., Anjou, M. D., Taylor, H. R. (2015). Equity in vision in Australia is in sight.Medical Journal of Australia,203(1), 21-23. Chalmers, K. J., Bond, K. S., Jorm, A. F., Kelly, C. M., Kitchener, B. A., Williams-Tchen, A. J. (2014). Providing culturally appropriate mental health first aid to an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander adolescent: development of expert consensus guidelines.International journal of mental health systems,8(1), 6. Chamberlain, C. R., MacLean, S., Bawden, G., Kelaher, M., Munro-Harrison, E., Boyle, J., Freeman, K. (2016). An equitydomain could strengthen the utility of a framework for assessing care coordination for Australian Aboriginal families.International Journal of Care Coordination,19(1-2), 42-46. Davy, C., Lockwood, C. (2014). Understanding Closing the Gap strategies from the perspective of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and their primary healthcare providers: a systematic review protocol.JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports,12(10), 98-108. Genat, B., Browne, J., Thorpe, S., MacDonald, C. (2017). Sectoral system capacity development in health promotion: evaluation of an Aboriginal nutrition program.Health Promotion Journal of Australia,27(3), 236-242. Hallinan, C. J., Judd, B. (Eds.). (2016).Indigenous people, race relations and Australian sport. Routledge. Hopkins, K. D., Zubrick, S. R., Taylor, C. L. (2014). Resilience amongst Australian Aboriginal youth: an ecological analysis of factors associated with psychosocial functioning in high and low family risk contexts.PloS one,9(7), e102820. Jatkar, U., Anjou, M. D., Taylor, H. R. (2017). GrampiansClosing the Gap in Indigenous eye health.The Medical journal of Australia,206(2), 97. Lindquist, A. C., Kurinczuk, J. J., Wallace, E. M., Oats, J., Knight, M. (2015). Risk factors for maternal morbidity in Victoria, Australia: a population-based study.BMJ open,5(8), e007903. McKenna, B., Fernbacher, S., Furness, T., Hannon, M. (2015). Cultural brokerage and beyond: piloting the role of an urban Aboriginal Mental Health Liaison Officer.BMC public health,15(1), 881. Myers, J., Thorpe, S., Browne, J., Gibbons, K., Brown, S. (2014). Early childhood nutrition concerns, resources and services for Aboriginal families in Victoria.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,38(4), 370-376. Napper, G., Fricke, T., Anjou, M. D., Jackson, A. J. (2015). Breaking down barriers to eye care for Indigenous people: a new scheme for delivery of eye care in Victoria.Clinical and Experimental Optometry,98(5), 430-434.

Sales and Marketing Strategies of Elfora Agro

Sales and Marketing Strategies of Elfora Agro-Industries Plc Essay A Project Report on MARKETING AND SALES STRATEGIES OF ELFORA AGRO-INDUSTRIES PLC A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Business Administration (MBA) in The Department of Management By: GETINET HAILU Under the Supervision of: Dr. Rakesh Belwal Assistant Professor, Faculty of Business Economics Addis Ababa University July 2007 Addis Ababa Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies Title: Marketing and Sales Strategies of ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc. By: Getinet Hailu Faculty of Business and Economics MBA Program Approved by Board of Examiners _________________________ Advisor _______________________ Signature ________________________ Examiner _______________________ Signature ________________________ Examiner _______________________ Signature ________________________ Examiner _______________________ Signature Dr. Rakesh Belwal Assistant Professor, Faculty of Business Economics Addis Ababa University CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Getinet Hailu has worked on â€Å"Marketing and Sales Strategies of ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc† under my supervision. This work is original in nature and it is suitable for submission in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Business Administration. ____________________ Dr. Rakesh Belwal DECLARATION I, Getinet Hailu Adera, declare that the study entitled â€Å"Marketing and Sales Strategies of ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc† is the result of my own effort in research undertaking. The study has not been submitted to any Degree or Diploma in any college or university. It is submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement of the Degree of Master of Business Administration. ____________________ Getinet Hailu ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I, first of all would like to thank Dr. Arega Yirdaw, Chief Executive Officer, MIDROC Ethiopia, for allowing me to conduct my study on one of the MIDROC Group companies, ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc, and for facilitating for unreserved access to the company data. I am also deeply grateful to Dr. Rakesh Belwal, for his unreserved guidance, inv aluable assistance and constructive comments. Particularly I am deeply touched by his kindness, quick response and relentless hard work and advice. Thanks again to my advisor, Dr. Rakesh, for the long hours he spent over the weekends in making this research a success. I also would like to thank Ato Getachew Hagos, General Manager of ELFORA AgroIndustries Plc, for his wholehearted support during the entire period of my postgraduate study. A special tribute goes to members of ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc, W/ro Tahsas Wondimneh, the manager of local marketing and sales, Ato Bekele Wolde, manager of foreign marketing and sales, and Ato Wondwossen Tadesse, manager of customer service, for sparing their precious time for interview and providing invaluable information for the conduct of the study. Special gratitude goes to my best friends, Million Kibret, Bereket Asheber, and Alemayehu Takele for providing me with relevant reference materials for the project preparation and moral support during the entire period of the postgraduate program. Last but not least, my appreciation and indebtedness goes to my entire family and all individuals for their strong backing and overall assistance without which my entire study of the postgraduate program would have not been successful. i TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: 1. 1 Overview 1. 2 Company Background 1. 3 Statement of the Problem 1. Objective of the Study 1. 5 Methodology 1. 6 Scope of the Study 1. 7 Significance of the Study 1. 8 Limitations of the Study INTRODUCTION Page 1 3 5 7 7 8 9 10 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Introduction 2. 2 History of Agriculture and Agro-Industry in Africa and Ethiopia 2. 2. 1 2. 2. 2 2. 2. 3 2. 2. 4 2. 2. 5 2. 2. 6. Ancient Agricultural Practice in Africa Modern Agriculture in Africa Ethiopiaâ€⠄¢s Potential for Agriculture Recent Economic Policy Environment MIDROC’s Involvement in the Agro-Industrial Sector Situation Analysis at ELFORA 11 12 12 15 20 23 25 26 ii CHAPTER THREE: Page DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 3. 1 Domestic Market Demand Characteristics 3. 1. 1 3. 1. 2 Livestock and Livestock Products Domestic Demand for Canned Food Products 29 29 35 37 37 38 38 39 40 40 41 41 42 42 44 46 47 48 48 49 3. 2 Domestic Market Supply Characteristics 3. 2. 1 3. 2. 2 3. 2. 3 3. 2. 4 Beef and Mutton Poultry Products Canned Meat Products Canned Vegetable Products 3. 3 Competition and Market Share 3. 3. 1 3. 3. 2 3. 3. 3 3. 3. 4 3. 3. 5 Beef and Mutton Poultry Meat Table Eggs Canned Meat Products Canned Vegetable Products 3. 4 General Factors Affecting Domestic Demand for Livestock Products 3. Marketing and Sales Problems in the Domestic Market 3. 5. 1 3. 5. 2 3. 5. 3 3. 5. 4 Distribution Outlets/Niche Markets Supply Consistency and Product Delivery System Scale of Operation Raw Materials Availability iii 3. 5. 5 Price Competitiveness 49 51 53 54 62 3. 6 Export Market 3. 6. 1 3. 6. 2 3. 6. 3 The Middle East Market Characteristics Ethiopia’s Export Performance o f Livestock and Meat Products Export Performance of ELFORA CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 4. 1 Conclusion 4. 2 Recommendations 64 66 Bibliography iv List of Tables Table 1. 1 Table 3. 1 Table 3. 2 Table 3. Table 3. 4 Table 3. 5 Table 3. 6 Financial Performance of ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc Estimated Livestock Off-Take Distribution of Livestock Off-Take Actual and Forecasted Consumption of Beef and Mutton Annual Supplies of Beef by Abattoirs Annual Consumptions of Livestock Products by Catering Services Actual and Forecasted Demand for Livestock Products in Addis Ababa 33 33 6 29 30 31 32 32 Table 3. 7 Actual and Forecasted Domestic Consumption of Livestock Products Table 3. 8 Annual Consumptions of Livestock Products in Addis Ababa as Estimated based on Three Sources 34 Table 3. Table 3. 10 Table 3. 11 Table 3. 12 Table 3. 13 Table 3. 14 Table 3. 15 Table 3. 16 Production and Supply of canned Meat Products Commercial Supplies of Beef and Mutton Commercial Supplies of P oultry Meat Commercial Supplies of Table Eggs Supplies of Tomato Paste Imports of Live Animals and Meat Products by Selected Middle East Countries Ethiopia’s Export Performance in Livestock and Meat Products (1986-1993) in Tons Ethiopia’s Export Performance in Livestock and Meat Products (1986-1993) in Birr 39 40 41 41 43 52 55 55 56 56 57 57 58 Table 3. 7 Ethiopia’s Export Performance in Livestock and Meat Products (1994-2001) in Tons Table 3. 18 Ethiopia’s Export Performance in Livestock and Meat Products (1994-2001) in Birr Table 3. 19 Ethiopia’s Export Performance in Livestock and Meat Products By Product Destination in Kg Table 3. 20 Ethiopia’s Export Performance in Livestock and Meat Products Table 3. 21 Total imports of livestock and meat products by selected Middle east countries v List of Figures Figure 1. 1 Figure 1. 2 Composition of GDP by Industrial Origin Factors Affecting Level of ROI 2 9 vi ABSTRACT The main purpose of the research was to analyze the marketing and sales strategies of ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc. Since its establishment, the company’s profitability and return on investment has been very low, even when it is compared to the current bank saving rate of 4%. The study tried to identify the major marketing and sales problems that contributed to such unsatisfactory level of financial performance. In order to address those problem issues, the researcher conducted interview with the relevant company managers and referred secondary data sources. The collected data and information were compiled and analyzed for possible indications of problem areas. It was found that the main marketing and sales factors that contributed to the low profit level to be the under utilization of existing production and auxiliary facilities, inconsistency in product supply and delivery, inadequate and inconsistent demand for some of the company’s products, high cost of production due to low capacity utilization and untimely purchase of raw material inputs, which resulted in higher prices than competitors leading to loss of market share. It was finally recommended a series of measures that the company should take in order to improve the current situation. These measures will ultimately provide the company with the advantage of cost-leadership that will strengthen its market position in terms of market share, price competitiveness, and eventual customer satisfaction. vii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 1 OVERVIEW Ethiopia is a country endowed with a long history of an independent statehood. It has a landmass of 113 million hectares. Its strategic location at the center of the Horn of Africa renders it a bridge between Asia and Africa. Its physical proximity to the vast and rich Middle East markets offers opportunities that are yet to be exploited. Ethiopia is also a country that is endowed with abundant natural resources. Mineral resources including precious gold, platinum and base metals are being discovered in quantities sufficient to render the deposits economically feasible. Its huge water resources remain largely untapped. With a population of 75 million (CSA, 2005), Ethiopia is the third most populous country in Africa after Nigeria and Egypt. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Economy. It accounts for the bulk of the gross domestic product (GDP) and employs about 80 percent of the population. Agriculture is subject to chronic cyclical drought, which has affected the stability and rate of overall economic growth. Exports are dominated by coffee, the price of which has been on the decline in recent years. On a sector-by-sector basis, the share of agriculture in GDP declined marginally from 49. 8 percent in 2000/01 to 48. 8 percent in 2001/02 and to 44. 8 percent in 2002/03. The share of agricultural GDP increased to 47. 4 percent in 2003/04 and averaged 48 percent for the 1 period as a whole. Such fluctuations in the share of agriculture in GDP results not from structural changes but is due to periodic fluctuations in agricultural production arising from aberrations in weather conditions which affects crop production (CSA, 2005). Manufacturing industry has historically been weak and its growth has remained insignificant with contribution to GDP averaging 13 percent in recent years. On the other hand, the share of the services sector in GDP has been rising and peaked at 41. 5 percent in 2002/03. Industry and the services sectors registered considerable recovery over the five-year period with growths averaging about 4. percent and 5 percent, respectively. Industry and the services sectors together accounted for 53 percent of GDP and agriculture accounting for the remaining 47 percent in 2003/04. Figure 1. 1 below shows the composition of GDP by industrial origin (CSA 2005). Figure 1. 1: Composition of GDP by Industrial Origin 40% 47% Agriculture Industry Services 13% Data S ource: Central Statistics Agency CSA 2005. It is clear that the industrial sector is well behind both the agriculture and service sectors. When we further analyze the composition of the industry sector, we find that the share of the manufacturing sub-sector is only 5. percent of the total GDP in 2003/04. 2 The development of the manufacturing sector plays a vital role in the country’s economy in three ways: (a) the value addition process creates job opportunities for local citizens, thereby reducing the level of unemployment; (b) products manufactured locally will have a substitute effect for imports of some manufactured products, thereby saving foreign currency; (c) it would be possible to export value added products instead of raw agricultural products, thereby earning a higher foreign currency from exports. The development of the domestic market for agro-industrial products is the first step that paves way for the export market. All market-related issues such as product quality, packaging, consistent delivery, pricing, etc. need to be first developed and exercised in the domestic market. This will help strengthen the domestic market position, which ultimately enables the local companies to be able to supply and become competitive in the international market. The foregoing analysis indicates that the manufacturing sector (including food processing) needs considerable attention. Private sectors such as ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc play a vital role in adding value on the agricultural products by expanding the agro-processing plants already at hand and/or establishing new ones. 1. 2 COMPANY BACKGROUND ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc is a company engaged in the production and sales of livestock and livestock products, poultry products, and crop products. The Company was established in 1997 by acquiring eight separate livestock enterprises and farms through the privatization process (ELFORA Brochure, 2007). 3 The company was licensed in February 1998 with a registered capital of Birr 100 million. It currently employs over 1500 permanent and contract employees and over 1500 casual and seasonal workers. The word ‘ELFORA’ is made up of two Borena Oromo words; â€Å"Ela†- meaning well-water and â€Å"Fora†- meaning cattle grazing area, thus signifying production of high quality livestock and meat based on traditional pastoral grazing and water resource as well as modern ranching and feedloting without exposure to artificial feeds and chemicals. ELFORA is perhaps the largest agro-processing firm in the country so far. It owns six slaughter houses, five meat processing and canning plants, a natural quarantine for livestock (the largest in the country), a number of ranches, feedlots and holding grounds, one poultry farm, and crops farms at various locations in the country. The Company also owns several delivery vans, cold trucks, livestock transporting trucks and other vehicles used for transporting products to customers (ELFORA Brochure, 2007). With its Head Office located in Addis Ababa, ELFORA currently manages seven abattoirs and food processing plants, four crop farms, one poultry farm, and five ranches, feedlots and quarantines organized under six operational zones throughout the country. With a motto ‘ELFORA stands for Natural and Quality Products’, the company has the following mission or business purposes (ELFORA Brochure, 2007): Develop the livestock industry by producing, through natural and improved practices, high quality live animals in its own ranches, feedlots and quarantine stations. Produce and market high quality livestock and meat products to both domestic and export markets. Supply special quality chilled/frozen beef, mutton, and goat meat carcasses, beef cuts, and broiler meat to the local and overseas markets. Engage in commercial production and marketing of poultry products, including broiler chicken, portioned chicken meat, day-old chicks and table eggs. Engage in the production and marketing of cash and industrial crops for the local and export markets as well as for use by own processing and canning plants. Develop, process, and market canned meat and vegetable products for the domestic and foreign markets. Build-up a competent management and staff workmanship by constantly upgrading their skills and encouraging teamwork and a sense of belongingness. The success of business organizations such as ELFORA is determined by the ability to produce quality and marketable products and effectively make them reach the target customers. The Company owns a considerable size of production facilities (at least for now) and it needs a wider market base for its products. 1. 3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Since its establishment in 1997, the Company’s profitability and return on investment has been very low and even declining. For a company with total investment of over Birr 400 million, the rate of return on total investment (ROI) has averaged only 2. 3 percent during its ten years of operation (Table 1. 1). Although there is no information available on the industry average, the ROI is even below the current minimum bank saving rate of 3. 0 percent. 5 Table 1. 1 Financial Performance of ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc (1997-2006) In ‘000 Birr 997/8 Revenue Cost of sales Gross profit Administrative Gen. exp. Net profit Total Investment Return on Investment (%) 1999 2000 2001 98,192 62,523 35,669 41,220 2002 51,870 34,427 17,444 33,773 2003 76,817 50,092 26,725 24,001 2,724 2004 2005 2006 Total 10,857 122,848 169,186 3,242 79,622 113,875 7,615 8,527 (912) 43,226 34,134 9,092 55,311 39,703 15,608 95,673 117,421 115,207 858,070 68,883 90,828 89,135 592,6 25 26,790 24,539 2,251 26,593 24,924 1,669 26,072 265,444 25,240 256,062 832 9,383 5,551) (16,330) 371,896 371,896 371,907 398,381 398,381 403,816 403,816 403,816 403,816 403,816 -4. 10 0. 67 0. 56 0. 41 0. 21 2. 32 -0. 25 2. 44 4. 20 -1. 39 Source: Finance Service Department, ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc. The low level of return on investment (ROI) is the result of a combination of various factors. Among the problem factors, the following are presented briefly: High fluctuation in demand for some products and difficulty in lanning production; Underutilization of existing capacity; Gap between time of production and demand volume resulting in supply inconsistency, loss of sales, and stocks piling up; Higher selling prices than competitors’; Inadequacy of promotional activities; Poor packaging; Occasional problems in product quality; Perishable products with short shelf-life, compelling the company to immediately sell at reduced prices; Shortage of raw materials and escalation o f input prices; Inability to purchase raw materials at the time when prices are low; Inadequacy of air space for export market; Escalation of air freight charges, making selling prices too high to be competitive in the international market; High administrative and general expenses. 6 1. 4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY As mentioned in Section 1. 3, ELFORA currently has faced with a problem of very low return on investment (ROI). The two main research questions are, therefore: What are the main marketing and sales factors contributing to such a low profit level? How can the problem factors be addressed in order to improve the current profit level? The study examines in detail the main factors that have contributed to the sub-performance with respect to profitability, and seeks ways of resolving them. The study particularly highlights the important concepts and applications of the basic marketing and sales strategies in light of the current situation of ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc. The main objectives of the study are to: i) Examine in detail the main problems associated with the low return. ii) Highlight major areas of marketing and sales issues that need attention. ii) Provide strategic alternatives for alleviating the major marketing and sales problems. 1. 5 METHODOLOGY 1. 5. 1 Sources of Data Both primary and secondary data have been used. The primary data and information have been obtained from the manager s of local and foreign marketing and sales departments. Data and information have also been obtained from the production personnel, particularly with respect to quality issues. The secondary data and information have been collected from all relevant materials, both published and unpublished documents, such as such as reports on production, financial statements, Company’s Performance Review document for the year 2006, and other external and internal reports. Overview of the general socio-economic environment and sectoral analysis has been extracted from the publications of Central Statistical Agency and Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. 7 1. 5. 2 Data Gathering Techniques Primary data has been gathered through interview with the local and foreign marketing and sales departments, and production personnel of the company. Relevant statistical and descriptive data and information have been extracted from the secondary data sources. 1. 5. 3 Sample Size Three major product categories have selected for analysis. These are livestock and livestock products, poultry products, and canned products. These three products account for 80-85% of domestic sales and 100% of the export sales. 1. 5. Data analysis In order to describe, analyze and integrate the data, appropriate descriptive, analytical and statistical measures were employed such as percentage comparisons and forecasting methods. 1. 6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The company produces and sel ls a wide range of agricultural products. The company’s main reason for its lower return on investment (ROI) can be cited as the under-utilization of its existing production facilities, which in turn resulted from inadequate market for the products. The demand in turn is affected by the price of the product which depends on the cost of production. Figure 1. 2 below shows the inter-dependency and effects on the ROI of the various factors just mentioned above. Because the external factors such as raw material prices, escalating air freight charges, etc. re common threats for all individual businesses in the industry, and are beyond the control of any one business in the industry, the special focus of the study is on how to improve the internal efficiency towards utilization of available 8 production capacity, attainment of cost-leadership and increasing sales volume. The accomplishment of these factors will undoubtedly help the company to improve its profitability. The scope of this study is also limited to those units and activities of ELFORA that are closely and directly related to the production, sales, and delivery of products. Lower Return on Investment (ROI) Higher Cost of Production Higher Selling Price Lower Demand Lower Sales Volume Lower Capacity Utilization Figure 1. 2: Factors Affecting Level of ROI. 1. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The ultimate goal of any business establishment is to remain in business profitably through production and sale of products or services. Without optimal profit, a business firm cannot survive, let alone achieve a sustainable growth. One of the core activities in a business company is the marketing and sales activity. The ultimate success or failure of a company 9 depends on its ability to sell what it produces and continues the production-sales cycle for relatively a longer period of time. The initial investigation reveals that much has not been done on this core activity, or at least, it has been a neglected area. Tell tale heart critical analy EssayCentral Statistical Agency (CSA, 2005). Survey of Ethiopian Economy MEDAC, 1997. 9 Ministry of Agriculture, Establishment and Development, July 27, 1984. 10 A Note prepared for MIDROC Magazine, April 2000. 21 camels. 11 In fact, Ethiopia is the first in Africa and tenth in the world in the size of its livestock population. Despite this potential, however, the agricultural sector remains underdeveloped. With a population of about 75 million,12 Ethiopia is the third most populous country in Africa. In terms of land resources, Ethiopia is the ninth largest country in Africa. In terms of livestock resources, the country is the first in Africa and tenth in the world. With all these resources and the huge diversity of plant and animal species, Ethiopia is by far better than most African countries. Ethiopia is basically an agricultural and pastoral country. In light of the population size, Ethiopia could be considered as a country of small-scale, family-based farmers with subsistence agriculture. This form of agriculture is an old form of production. Even today, this method of farming is by far the most important forms of production, constituting the bulk of the Ethiopian agriculture. This dominant practice of agriculture is known as mixed farming of the highlands where both crops and livestock production are integrated. 13 In the mixed farming method, crop production is diversified and involves limited intercropping. While the farms are generally permanent, continuous cropping is made possible by crop rotation. The system is characterized by fragmented, small-size land with average holdings less than one hectare per household. Production is subsistence oriented, i. e. minimizing risks of failure in the face of unpredictable natural (mainly weather) conditions. Production techniques are very traditional. Use of modern inputs is very low and 11 12 CSA, Agricultural Sample Survey, 2005/06. Central Statistical Agency (CSA, 2005). 13 A Note prepared for MIDROC Magazine, April 2000. 22 roductivity of both labour and land is very low. Lack of investment resources and moisture stress are the most critical problems of the farm. Pastoral farming is common in the lowlands of the country. It is dominant in terms of area coverage but produces less than the mixed farming. In the pastoral areas, herds include cattle, sheep, goat and camel. Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian life to the extent that little progress can be made unless sufficient efforts can be made to develop agriculture. On the other hand, the resource base to rapidly increase agricultural production is very promising but the constraints to develop the sector are immense. 2. 2. Recent Economic Policy Environment After the present government took power in 1991, it adopted a market-driven economy. The new government was quick to introduce policy and institutional reforms in the 1990s encompassing fiscal, financial, exchange rate, trade and industry, management of public resources and enterprises. In the early 1990s, the Government introduced a comprehensive program of structural reform under pressure from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Those reforms included the structural adjustment program of the World Bank and the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) of the International Monetary Fund. Many of the reform measures were financially supported by the country’s development partners, both bilateral and multilateral. Not all reform measures were strongly pursued, however, and some of the intended reforms have been slow or have failed to take root. Even though, during the past two decades, there admittedly has been a sharp fall in the dominant role of 23 the public sector in economic activities, public ownership continues to remain high in key sectors of the economy including, manufacturing industry (textiles, steel, sugar), the construction industry, telecommunications, air transport, banking, etc. In the 1990s, the Government initiated a program for privatization of state-owned enterprises and established a Privatization Agency for the purpose. It also embarked on a program of retrenching excess personnel in state-owned enterprises. However, the slow divestiture of state-owned enterprises has left the Government with problems associated with numerous state-owned enterprises which are either not efficient or non-performing altogether. This has, among other things, drained the banking system of financial resources resulting from large backlogs of unrecoverable loans. In some instances, bad debts are being covered by the Government. The practice is neither desirable nor sustainable and underpins the need for a concerted drive towards privatization of the remaining public enterprises still in government hands. At the turn of the Millennium the Government shifted its development strategy from the structural adjustment program and ASAP of the 1990s to a poverty reduction program, also initiated by the same institutions behind the structural adjustment program and ASAP. The Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program (SDPRP), as it is called, aims at promoting growth and alleviating poverty. The program rests on four pillars, as it were, comprising agricultural-development-led industrialization (ADLI) and food security; justice and civil service reform, governance, decentralization and empowerment and capacity building which predate the SDPRP. The program focuses on the following major areas: agriculture which is the source of livelihood for upwards of 85 percent of the population where the bulk of the poor live; agriculture is also believed to be a 24 otential source to generate primary surplus for growth of other sectors of the economy (industry); strengthening private sector gro wth and development, especially in industry as means of achieving off-farm employment and output growth; rapid export growth by increasing the production of high value agricultural products and increased support to export oriented manufacturing sectors particularly intensified processing of high quality skins/leather and textile garment; deepening and strengthening the decentralization process to shift decision-making closer to grass-root levels, to improve responsiveness and service delivery; improving governance to empower the poor and create a conducive environment for private sector growth and development; 2. 2. 5 MIDROC’S Involvement in the agro-Industrial Sector Basically, the private sector is made up of ventures or enterprises in which the capital is provided and the risk borne by individuals as against the public or the government. Private companies can be owned by both local and foreign investors. In terms of technology, finance and market outlets, the foreign private investment has much to offer, provided that it is applied sensibly within the local environment. In many developing countries, the private sector is involved in agri-business, mainly in the plantation sector, the supply of inputs and the trading of export commodities. Despite the apparent attributes of the private sectors, their participation in the developing countries has been limited. This is naturally a question of business risk and choice. The private investor can choose where to invest his or her resources, and in general will choose where the risk is lowest, or the profit to risk ratio is highest. MIDROC Ethiopia’s investment objectives go beyond this: it is based on the owner’s commitment to the economic 25 development of the country of his birth place, Ethiopia. ELFORA is one of the investments made based on such commitment. 2. 2. 6 Situation Analysis at ELFORA Despite the vast opportunity and potential in Ethiopia for agribusiness, ELFORA has not obtained as much benefit as proportional to the level of investment it has made. In fact, when we consider the social and economic benefit to the country, it created job opportunity for over 3000 citizens and the government also collects employment income tax from these employees. However, as a business establishment, the company needs growth and development to cope up with technological and economic changes that are now very dynamic due to globalization and development of information technology. To do so, it requires additional investment that should be generated from internal profit. It is unlikely that owners will continue pumping money into the company indefinitely unless the company designs and implements a turnaround strategy thereby providing investors with a convincing assurance that the business should continue. The question is, therefore, what should be done to improve this situation? Studies made so far have focused on the agricultural sector at the national level. Annual publications of government ministries and agencies provide data and information at the macro level. Very little research has been made on specific company issues relating to operational efficiency, marketing and sales strategies, new product development, and other areas of paramount importance for the survival and growth of the company. A recent study conducted on an agro-processing firm here in Ethiopia dealt with problems in areas of both domestic and international marketing, and the overall performance of the firm. The firm is engaged in crops and vegetable products with some of them processed and 26 packed. The study was conducted for the purpose of formation of joint venture with private investors. While the study mainly dealt with operational and technical problems within the firm as well as general issues on both domestic and international marketing, it did not provide adequate data for analysis nor mentioned any specific marketing and sales strategies to be adopted. Furthermore, the company under study in my project has its own peculiar characteristics. ELFORA Agro-Industries Plc. is an already established company with a total investment of over Birr 400 million and has been operating for the last ten years. Agro-processing involves significant investments in plant and equipment, and in order to operate efficiently, these facilities should be used to full capacity year-round, every year (Kohls et al. 2005:92). Substantial investment has already been made on the existing production facilities and infrastructures. The prerequisite for maximum use of the existing production facilities is the availability of market demand sufficient to absorb the volume of products produced by these facilities. The demand for agro-industrial products always exists. The industry however is characterized by enormous competitions from both domestic and international suppliers. The process of globalization – involving global and regional economic integration driven by technological advances and trade liberalization and harmonization policies – presents both threats and opportunities for existing agro-based industries in developing and transition economies (www. unido. org/doc/5070). The penetration of the market economy into formerly isolated and remote areas opened up opportunities for raising agricultural and agro-industrial productivity, but it also posed acute challenges for countries like Ethiopia where the agroindustrial sector faced increased competition and market volatility as a result. 27 Agro-industry companies are facing intense price competitions from rival companies operating both locally and abroad. The traditional ‘cost plus’ pricing privileges enjoyed by companies are no more existing, particularly for products and services that are abundant in the market. Consequently, companies such as ELFORA need to focus on minimizing the cost of production, leaving the prices to be determined by the market forces. The main interest of this paper is therefore to look for applicable marketing and sales strategies that should be adopted, with particular reference to the existing situations in the company under study. The next chapter analyzes empirical data on the demand and supply characteristics of some of the important agricultural and agro-industrial products that are related to the current business activities of ELFORA. 28 CHAPTER THREE DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION The first step in any marketing study is the analysis of the market environment both in terms of demand and supply. Although ELFORA is engaged in the production and sale of a variety of agricultural and agro-industrial products, the focus of this study is on livestock and livestock products, poultry products, and canned products. These lines of products account for 80-85% of the total domestic annual sales of the company as a whole. 3. 1 DOMESTIC MARKET DEMAND CHARACTERSITICS 3. 1. 1 Livestock and Livestock Products According to Agricultural Sample Survey Report of the Central Statistical Agency (CSA 2005/06), the estimated annual livestock off take is 4. 02 million cattle (10% of the total stock of 40 million), and 10. 1 million sheep and goats (27% of the total stock of 37 million). Table 3. 1 Estimated Livestock Off -Take (2005/06) Quantity in Heads 4,022,059 6,516,183 3,616,001 Total 14,154,243 Type of Livestock Cattle Sheep Goats Source: Central Statistics Agency Agricultural Sample Survey: 2005/06 (1998 E. C. ) Volume II. Table 3. shows the total livestock off-take for the country as a whole. For the purpose of extracting the relevant market for ELFORA, further breakdown is required. A recent data on the breakdown could not be found, but Table 3. 2 below, which has been compiled from 29 interim report prepared by Ministry of Agriculture, shows the distribution of livestock offtake in 1987/88. Table 3. 2 Distribution of Estimated Livestock Off-Take (1987/88) Cattle Heads Ton* 24,000 5,000 230,000 259,000 6,000 20,000 26,000 285,000 Sheep Goats Heads Ton** 959,000 17,000 9,728,000 10,704,000 345,000 300,000 645,000 11,349,000 12,000 204 116,736 129,000 4,000 3,000 7,000 136,000 1. Domestic Market 1. 1. Addis Ababa 143,000 1. 2. Processing Plants 39,000 1. 3. Elsewhere outside Addis Ababa 1,700,000 Sub total (1) 1,882,000 2. Foreign Market 2. 1. Official Export 34,000 2. 2. Illegal Export 150,000 Sub total (2) 184,000 Total Off Take (1+2) 2,066,000 Source: Ministry of Agriculture Interim Report, 1990 Notes: (a) Human population of Addis Ababa (1987/88) (b) Human population in other areas (1987/88) (c) Total Ethiopian Population (1987/88) 1,584,000 45,526,000 47,110,000 * Conversion factors for 1. 1, 1. 2, and 1. 3 are 168, 128 and 135 kg/head, respectively; 1 ton = 1,000 kg. ** Conversion factor for 1. 1 to 1. 3 is 12 kg/head; 1 ton = 1,000 kg. Table 3. above shows that out of the estimated off-take, the domestic market absorbed the dominant share of 91% of the cattle off-take and 95% of the off-take for sheep and goats. The small surplus off-take of 9% for cattle and 5% for sheep and goats has been diverted to the export market both through official and unofficial trade. The releva nt market segment for ELFORA with respect to livestock and meat products is Addis Ababa. The city, being the nations capital and seat of various international organizations, is the prime target and the main market outlet for livestock and livestock products supplied from areas around it and further away. The focus here is, therefore, on the Addis Ababa market for these products. 30 From the domestic consumption of cattle, sheep and goats indicated in Table 3. , the tonnage share taken by the Addis Ababa for beef and mutton is summarized in the Table 3. 3 below. Table 3. 3 Actual and Forecasted Consumption of Beef and Mutton Quantity in Tons 1987/88 Beef 1. Total Domestic Consumption 259,000 2. Addis Ababa Consumption: 2. 1. Addis Ababa Abattoir 24,000 2. 2. Backyard Slaughter Total Addis Ababa Consumption 24,000 3. Share of Addis Ababa from total (2/1) 9. 3% Source: Ministry of Agriculture Interim Report, 1990 2007/08* Beef 518,300 Mutton 129,000 Mutton 259,100 1,000 11,000 12,000 9 . 3% 48,200 48,200 9. 3% 2,000 22,100 24,100 9. 3% * Figures are arrived at by multiplying the per capita consumptions discussed below. The share of Addis Ababa consumption is assumed to be the same. Figures are rounded to the nearest hundred. Notes: (a) Human population of Addis Ababa (2007/08)** (b) Human population in other areas (2007/08)** (c) Total Ethiopian Population (2007/08)** 3,172,000 77,086,000 80,258,000 ** Human population figures are arrived at by projecting the year 2005/06 population figures for two years at a growth rate of 3. 3% for Addis Ababa and 3. 4% for the country as a whole, as provided in FAOSTAT (2003). With a population of almost 3. 2 million (4% of the total population), the annual consumption of beef and mutton for Addis Ababa accounted for 9. 3%. Based on these figures, the nation’s per capita consumption would be 6. kg for beef and 3. 2kg for mutton, while for Addis Ababa, it would be 15. 2kg and 7. 6kg of beef and mutton, respectively, more than twice larger than the national per capita consumption. Another market study conducted by DANAGRO (1996)14, based on the data obtained from the Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise, established beef con sumption for Addis Ababa in 1994/95, as shown in Table 3. 4 below. 14 DANAGRO Advisor a/s, Ethiopia Meat Industry Privatization Project, Vol. II, Annex II: Marketing Studies, Addis Ababa, Sept. 1996. â€Å"DANAGRO† is the name of a Danish Company, where â€Å"DAN† represents the name of the country as â€Å"ETHIO† for Ethiopia. 31 Table 3. 4 Annual Supplies of Beef by Abattoirs (1994/95) Heads Ton 9,000 7,650 16,650 1. Annual Cattle Slaughter by Addis Ababa Abattoir 2. Annual slaughters by other abattoirs/backyard 3. Total slaughter for Addis Ababa Source: Compiled from DANAGRO study, 1996. 100,000 85,000 185,000 Note: Boneless meat yield is assumed to be 90 kg/head; 1 ton = 1,000 kg. DANAGROs survey has also reported on the annual consumption figures in tons of beef, mutton, broiler and table eggs by catering services in Addis Ababa as in Table 3. 5 below. Table 3. 5 Annual Consumptions of Livestock Products by Catering Services in Addis Ababa (1994/95) Quantity in Tons Catering Service Beef Mutton 02 712 50 1,164 13 Broiler* 291 253 61 605 6 Table Eggs 353 370 176 845 400 2,144 23 Total 1,912 5,337 737 845 400 9,231 100 Share (%) 21 58 8 9 4 100 1. Hotels 866 2. Restaurants 4,002 3. Supermarkets 450 4. Pastries 5. Snack Bars Total 5,318 Share (%) 58 Source: Compiled from DANAGRO study, 1996. * â€Å"Broiler† mea ns chicken meat. It can be observed from the figures in Table 3. 5 for the catering service that beef consumption accounted for 58% while table eggs accounted for the next larger share of 23%. Mutton and broiler consumption took the smallest share of 13% and 6%, respectively. In the total consumption of the catering service, the restaurants segment, hich also includes restaurants serving national foods, took the largest share of 58%, followed by 21% for hotels, 9% for pastries, 8% and 4% for supermarkets and snack bars, respectively. The pastry and snack bar segments consume only table eggs. 32 Assuming the Addis Ababa’s per capita consumption of 9kg for beef, 5. 6kg for mutton, and 2. 6kg for broiler, and taking the 1994/95 population projection of 2. 1 million, the study estimated the demand in Addis Ababa for livestock products as shown in Table 3. 6 below. Table 3. 6 Actual and Forecasted Demand for Livestock Products in Addis Ababa Quantity in Tons Product Beef Mutton Br oiler Source: Compiled from DANAGRO study, 1996. 1994/95 18,900 11,760 5,460 007/08* 28,500 17,800 8,200 * Figures are arrived at by multiplying the per capita consumptions discussed above and taking the population of Addis Ababa in 2007/08, which is 3,172,000 (Table 3. 3). Figures are rounded to the nearest hundred. Yet another estimate by FAO (2004)15 provides the figures, as shown in Table 3. 7 below, for domestic consumption of livestock products in the country between 1980 and 2000. Table 3. 7 Actual and Forecasted Domestic Consumption of Livestock Products Quantity in Tons Product Beef Mutton Goat Meat Poultry Meat Eggs Source: FAOSTAT (2003) 1980 200,800 131,400 65,600 61,500 1993 230,000 138,900 72,000 63,800 2000 98,000 145,300 73,800 65,800 Annual Growth Rate (%) 1993-2000 2. 6 0. 5 0. 2 0. 3 Estimated Consumption 2007/08* 365,900 151,200 75,000 67,400 * Figures for estimated consumption for 2007/08 are arrived at by projecting the year 2000 consumption using the annual g rowth rate during years 1993 –2000, i. e. , C 2007/08 = C 2000 x (1+G)8 ; where, C = Consumption; G = Growth rate; 8 = Number of years between the base year (2000) year 2007/08. 15 FAO, Livestock Sector Brief, May 2004. 33 Combining the figures from the three sources, the estimated consumption figures of beef, mutton, poultry meat, and eggs for Addis Ababa are shown in Table 3. 8. Table 3. 8 Annual Consumptions of Livestock Products in Addis Ababa as Estimated based on the Three Sources (2007/08) Quantity in Tons DANProduct Beef Mutton Poultry Meat Eggs Notes: Average for FAO 34,000 14,100 9,200 6,300 Per Capita Consumption (Kg) 11. 6 5. 9 2. 7 2. 0 MO

Ten Truths free essay sample

One of these ten truths is that perception greatly impacts the overall outcome of any given situation, and the other major impact is based on how you choose to respond to the way you interpret any situation. Take for example; I handed you a napkin out of kindness, and you interpret what I desired to be kindness as you being incompetent, so you get angry or frustrated at me. Your perception wasn’t accurate in that situation, and your reaction was based solely upon your interpretation; you could have miss-read the situation, but chosen to react in a more appropriate manner or fashion. The second of these ten truths is that communication plays a major role in out constantly changing world, more so than, very possibly, any other constant that exists. Look back 3,000 years ago, when only very limited, yet amazingly effective means of communication were available, like smoke signals, runners, and often beacons, placed were they could be seen from well over 100 miles away. We will write a custom essay sample on Ten Truths or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Now, jump 2,400 years into the future, about 1,400 AC, when the printing press was to be invented, producing the most astounding in knowledge that current history has ever seen, leading to the Renaissance. 600 years later, we have telephones, internet, more books than we can possibly read, more schools, for all ages and levels than we can count, and, to briefly peak at the dark side, weapons of mass destruction. None of those would be possible without communication, which seems to drive the assault on advancement with a fierce attitude and sharp mind. The third of these ten truths is that freedom plays the greatest part in development of youth, going hand in hand with love, without which we would develop into an entirely different species. Look at the differing types of humanity we have now, but focus on how some humans are considered monsters, not really a part of humanity anymore, but deemed as a separate entity or race, beyond our comprehension. In general, murderers and the likes tend to become something inhuman, but upon occasion, you’ll get someone like Gandhi, who has been deemed as almost a god by many, because he was so different. I myself have lived a life with limited freedom and love, and because of that, I am no longer human, but have become something else, not like a murderer, or like Gandhi, but something more intelligent and capable, with abilities humans can only dream of. The fourth of ten truths is that on earth, peace can only be obtained with the obliteration of the human race, they simply cant control their emotions enough to bring about world peace, or come even close, but I also know that what obstructs their path to true greatness, is also what defines them as a truly great race, in its own way. Perhaps peace is a circumstance of situation, it is certainly of perception, yet somewhere inside, no matter how deep or how hard you attempt to hide it, there is a sense, a reality, of unmatched chaos, and only those who face it at the deepest level will ever feel any true peace, both within, and without. Can humanity survive without some form of chaos, is it at all possible to achieve, I don’t believe so, in fact, I know it not to be possible, in any universe or alternate reality, because chaos is as essential to humanity as water or oxygen is, without it, we would cease to exist. At the same time, while humanity cannot survive without chaos o r oxygen and water, the may evolve into another species, very similar to what humanity is, but no longer the same, perhaps more in tune with nature and ultimate peace, or unfortunately, where they seem to be heading, farther from nature than ever, and far more chaotic. The fifth truth is that friends help to determine who you are, and who you will become in the future, because the greatest influences in your life are likely to be form friends, who can either drown you in darkness, or see you to the sun, through the night. Friends are often no chosen or picked, but found through circumstances beyond our control, and only when a bond has been formed and strengthened, you can choose to either temper it, or sever it, depending upon what you see in the other person. Most often, our friends are a reflection of ourselves, and because of that, we are generally able to give them genuine help and feedback when its needed, to help uplift us, but upon occasion, we choose a friend that reflects a negative aspect of us, and we begin a downward spiral that can only be described as a descent into hell. The last way we choose to keep our friends is by seeing something, some quality or trait, that another possesses, which you yearn to obtain, so you choose to bond with that person to be given a hope of becoming closer to that quality or trait, to be influenced by that person. The sixth of these ten truths is that writing will change you as a person, because when you write, you are able to express yourself in ways that defy spoken words or, indeed, any other form of expression, and as a result of that, writing is among the most sacred of them, keeping with it out deepest secrets and most ancient knowledge. Writing allows us to confide our deepest secrets to it, with no fear of having some form of reaction because of that secret, and we can also create a degree of such intense meaning and emotion which otherwise would be impossible to convey to anther. A further bit of uniqueness about writing is that it captures the emotion and passion put into it, leaving such beauty to be read by another, who will respond to it in their own way, and inspiration will come to them, and through that inspiration greatness will be achieved. The seventh truth is that religion creates a sense of self-worth or, to put it more accurately, a sense of reason and purpose, with which we are guided by something else, something that differs from us so much, that we can only perceive it as a presence meant to help deliver us to some unknown point in the future. What is your purpose and your reason for being on this earth, we all have one, but so few of us every discover the answer to that question, and sorrowfully even fewer of us live up to what that answer entails. To be guided like we are, constantly, and for our entire life, just to fail in our search, or never begin to seek for what we are destined to do, to become, is why we have always fallen short of true grace, why we have never lived to our fullest potential. I believe that these other being look to us to accomplish what they cannot, or prevent mistakes that they have made and regretted, and that they feel for us such a sense of sorrow and profound sadness, because we a re all broken within, no longer capable of reaching our maximum potential. The eighth truth, is that emotion shapes who we were, who we are, and who we are to become in the future, simply because every emotion is a human reaction to a situation, and our thoughts determine the way we react, so in essence, our thoughts are in direct control over our emotions, with the exception of few circumstances. If you keep your thoughts on positive things, then your emotions will slowly begin to become more uplifted, tending to be positive the majority of the time, and since your overall thoughts and feelings have become positive, your life will begin to change in positive ways, leading to who you may become, and who you have become. Keeping your outlook and feeling positive will help shape who you become, but what does it create to help you change, well, when most people are positive, they’re more willing to accept things, and they tend to keep an open mind, so they learn more than your average person, leading to more positive changes. The ninth truth is that your memories and experiences define what your subconscious mind thinks, feels, and how it reacts to any given situation, but more importantly than that, it controls every thought you are conscious of making, because every conscious thought is inter-connected is some way with the subconscious mind. The near impossibility of linking those connections, whether on an individual basis, or a basis set on a much larger scale, is rarely overcome by anyone, simply because we have extremely limited access to the pathways leading into our subconsciousness, and the few who have at least a little access to it, are those like Gandhi and Einstein. While the subconscious mind is conceived by both memories and experienced, it is far from limited by them, because your every memory and experience is just another piece to its nearly limitless playground, and inside this playground it connects things together, creating a vast amount of knowledge, unattainable to most. The tenth and final truth is that knowledge of physics will unlock doors that majority of people may never even think exist, or may never conceive of in the first place, and that through the right knowledge of physics, an unlimited, and very rarely tapped pool of knowledge will become available. The more you know about physics, the greater your possibility of unearthing a route to that unlimited knowledge becomes, and the more connections you make, using any knowledge at your disposal, will only lead to greater pathways, less limited, more direct, and invaluable to your life. Shockingly, there is a very popular theory involving this pool of knowledge, called quantum jumping, where you can jump into the mind of yourself, in a different reality, and all of the knowledge your other self had obtained will be cast into your mind, meaning that if you are an architect in another reality, that knowledge could be yours. Of these ten truths, I believe that proper knowledge of physics is the greatest, for the possibilities of the world of physics is unending, and I also believe that anything you can imagine can be explained, broken down, and then be formulated or powered to become a reality. Lets take teleportation for example, its just impossible, right, well, sorry to burst your bubble, but its not all that hard to do, just take a quantum computer and scan your entire body for every genetic code and make up, then send the information to another quantum computer, where quantum powered machine re-constructs the code it reads and re-makes you. Pretty basic, right, well, that’s the beauty of physics, it can be put into basic and simple terms, yet explain some of the most difficult things that exist at the some time, and because it can explain things like that, it is, to me, the ultimate truth, the truth of all truths.

The Warring States Period of Ancient China

The Warring States Period of Ancient China The Warring States period in Ancient Chinese historywhich followed the period known as Spring and Autumn (770-476 B.C.) during the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Chou (Zhou) Dynastyran from about 475-221 B.C. It was a period of violence and chaos during which the philosopher Sun-Tzu is said to have lived and culture to have flourished. Seven States of China There were about seven states of China during the Warring States period, including Yen, which was not one of the contending states, and 6 that were: ChIChuChinWeiHanChao Two of these states, the Chin and Chu, came to dominate, and in 223, the Chin defeated the Chu, establishing the first unified Chinese state two years later. During the Spring and Autumn period, which preceded the Warring States, warfare was feudal and reliant on the war chariot. During the Warring Period, military campaigns were directed by the states who fitted out their soldiers with individual weapons. Sources: Encyclopedia Britannica and The Oxford Companion to Military History. Examples During the Warring States Period, but elsewhere in the world, Alexander the Great conquered his enormous Hellenistic Greek empire, Rome came to dominate Italy, and Buddhism spread to China.

Analysis of a Primary Source Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of a Primary Source - Essay Example over to Christianity before 197, maybe motivated by the gallantry of Christian saints, and afterward came back to Carthage where he captivated his significant abilities for the benefit of the congregation. His marriage to a Christian is clear from his treatise tended to my wife. His appointment as a minister is less sure in spite of the fact that Jerome alluded to him as a center of life and presbyter of the congregation. Tertullian arranged himself as a layperson. Tertullian was the most productive Latin journalist until Augustine and formed works that are contrite, polemical, and moral in nature. After years of guarding universal Christianity, in any case, he turned to Montanism, a Spirit-based development, which Tertullian called the New Prophecy and which underscored prescience, elate articulations and glossolalia, women in service, thorough profound quality, and eschatological desires. As stated by Augustine, Tertullian withdrew from the Montanists to establish his own particular gathering of Tertullianists, making yet an alternate break. The year and way of his demise are obscure, yet Jerome reported that he existed to a progressed age. Late grant has called into address much of what Jerome reported about Tertullian. Timothy David Barnes, specifically, destroyed Jeromes life history of Tertullian and reproduced a short anecdotal representation built exclusively with respect to Tertullians own particular revelations. According to Barnes, Tertullians surviving works secured a concise period from 196 to 212, permitting a conception date as late as 170 (Ward, pp. 137-139). The explanations for Tertullians acknowledgement of Montanism remain a puzzle tohistorians. He offered no subtle elements in his surviving compositions, despite the fact that his lost treatise On Ecstasy potentially held such information. Jerome proposed that Tertullian was determined to Montanism by clash with Roman church. The trickiness of Jeromes confirmation that Tertullian was a